When the fever will not stop, stop the pills! A case report

ABSTRACT Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a neurologic emergency potentially fatal. This rare side effect is most commonly associated with first-generation antipsychotics and less frequently with atypical or second-generation antipsychotics. The diagnosis relies on both clinical and laboratory criteria, with other organic and psychiatric conditions being ruled out. CASE REPORT: A 39-year-old female patient, who is institutionalized and completely dependent, has a medical history of recurrent urinary infections and colonization by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Her regular medication regimen included sertraline, valproic acid, quetiapine, risperidone, lorazepam, diazepam, haloperidol, baclofen, and fentanyl. The patient began experiencing dyspnea. Upon physical examination, she exhibited hypotension and a diminished vesicular murmur at the right base during pulmonary auscultation. Initially, after hospitalization, she developed high febrile peaks associated with hemodynamic instability, prompting the initiation of antibiotic treatment. Despite this, her fever persisted without an increase in blood inflammatory parameters, and she developed purulent sputum, necessitating antibiotherapy escalation. The seventh day of hospitalization showed no improvement in symptoms, suggesting NNMS as a differential diagnosis. All antipsychotic and sedative drugs, as well as antibiotherapy, were discontinued, after which the patient showed significant clinical improvement. CONCLUSION: Antipsychotic agents are commonly employed to manage behavioral changes linked to various disorders. However, their severe side effects necessitate a high degree of vigilance, the cessation of all medications, and the implementation of supportive care measures. A prompt and accurate diagnosis of NMS is crucial to alleviating the severe, prolonged morbidity and potential mortality associated with this syndrome.

Hepatotoxicidad inducida por clozapina: reporte de caso y revisión breve de la literatura

Introducción: Los antipsicóticos son medicamentos que pueden producir elevaciones transitorias de las enzimas hepáticas. La clozapina es un antipsicótico atípico usado en el tratamiento de la esquizofrenia refractaria a los antipsicóticos convencionales y existe evidencia que puede producir elevaciones de las transaminasas hepáticas, expresión de dafño hepático con patrón hepatocelular. Métodos: Reporte de caso y revisión no sistemática de la literatura relevante. Presentación del caso: Una mujer de 39 años con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia paranoide acudió a un servicio de urgencias de un hospital general por náuseas, vómitos e ictericia que apareció tras el inicio de clozapina. No hubo mejoría clínica de la paciente durante la hospitalización, que falleció a los 44 días de su ingreso. Revisión de la literatura: La clozapina puede elevar las cifras de función hepática de manera transitoria y asintomática. Hay criterios clínicos para recomendar la suspensión de este antipsicótico. Conclusiones: Este caso es el tercero en la literatura que registra un desenlace fatal tras un cuadro de hepatotoxicidad inducido por clozapina. © 2021 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. Todos los derechos reservados.

Introduction: Antipsychotics are drugs that can produce transient elevations of hepatic enzymes. Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic used in treatment-resistant schizophrenia and there is evidence that it can produce elevations of hepatic transaminases, expression of liver damage in a hepatocellular pattern. Methods: Case report and non-systematic review of the relevant literature. Case presentation: A 39-year-old woman with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia attended the emergency department of a general hospital for nausea, vomiting and jaundice that appeared after the initiation of clozapine. There was no clinical improvement during hospitalization, and death occurred after 44 days. Literature review: Clozapine can increase the liver enzyme levels transiently and asymptomatically; however, there are clinical criteria that recommend the withdrawal of the antipsychotic. Conclusions: This is the third case reported in the literature of a fatal outcome of clozapine-induced hepatotoxicity.

Electroconvulsive Therapy in a Patient with Left Main and Triple Vessel Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Anaesthetic Management

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a safe and effective treatment for many psychiatric disorders. The passage of electrical current lead to hemodynamic alterations which may be detrimental to patients suffering from severe coronary artery disease. We describe perioperative anesthetic management of a patient having severe left main coronary artery stenosis (LMCAS) with severe triple vessel coronary artery disease (TVD).

Síndrome neuroléptico maligno asociado a antipsicóticos atípicos: a propósito de un caso

Introducción: El síndrome neuroléptico maligno (SNM) es infrecuente, con una incidencia del 0,01 al 3,23%, y tiene relación con el consumo de fármacos que interfieren con la dopamina; genera hipertermia, rigidez muscular, confusión, inestabilidad autonómica y la muerte. Caso clínico: Un varón de 35 arios, con antecedentes de catatonía, epilepsia refractaria y deterioro funcional, en tratamiento anticonvulsivo y antipsicótico, requirió cambio frecuente por efectos adversos de este. En julio de 2019 se cambió la clozapina por amisulprida; en septiembre se inicia un cuadro de 2 semanas de fiebre, rigidez muscular, estupor, diaforesis y taquipnea; los paraclínicos mostraron aumento de la creatininasa (CK) y leucocitosis, por lo que se consideró SNM. Se retiró el antipsicótico y se trató con bromocriptina y biperideno, que obtuvieron buena respuesta. A los 10 días del egreso, se inició tratamiento con olanzapina, que generó en diciembre un cuadro clínico similar al descrito, con posterior tratamiento y resolución. Discusión: El diagnóstico se basa en la toma de fármacos que alteren la dopamina, más alteración del estado de conciencia, fiebre e inestabilidad autonómica, junto con paraclínicos como leucocitosis y elevación de la CK. Se debe descartar diagnósticos diferenciales. El diagnóstico temprano generalmente lleva a la remisión total; algunos tendrán complicaciones, secuelas a largo plazo o recidivas. La recurrencia en este caso derivó de la reintroducción temprana del neuroléptico después del primer episodio. El tratamiento se debe individualizar según la gravedad para evitar la muerte. Conclusiones: Rara vez se sospecha que los antipsicóticos atípicos generen SNM; a su vez se debe tener en cuenta el tiempo a la reintroducción después de un episodio.

Introduction: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is uncommon, with an incidence of 0.01% to 3.23%, and is associated with the use of drugs that intervene with dopamine, causing hyperthermia, muscular rigidity, confusion, autonomic instability and death. Case report: A 35-year-old man with a history of catatonia, refractory epilepsy and functional impairment, required frequent changes in his anticonvulsant and antipsychotic treatment, due to adverse effects. During 2019, in the month of July, clozapine was changed to amisul-pride, in September he developed fever, muscle stiffness, stupor, diaphoresis and tachypnea over a two-week period; paraclinical tests showed elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and leukocytosis, so NMS was considered. The antipsychotic was withdrawn and he was treated with bromocriptine and biperiden, with a good response. Ten days after discharge, he began treatment with olanzapine, which generated a similar episode to the one described in December, with subsequent management and resolution. Discussion: The diagnosis is based on the use of drugs that alter dopamine levels, plus altered state of consciousness, fever, autonomic instability and paraclinical tests showing leukocy-tosis and elevated CPK. Differential diagnosis must be ruled out. Early diagnosis generally leads to total remission, although some patients will suffer complications, long-term sequelae or recurrences. The recurrence in this case derived from the early reintroduction of the neuroleptic after the first episode. Treatment should be individualised according to severity to avoid mortality. Conclusions: Atypical antipsychotics are rarely suspected of generating NMS. Moreover, the time to reintroduction after an episode must also be taken into account.

Revisão clínica: introdução de antipsicóticos na atenção primária à saúde / Clinical review: introduction of antipsychotics into primary health care / Revisión clínica: introducción de antipsicóticos en la atención primaria de salud

Os antipsicóticos são a primeira linha de tratamento para os sintomas psicóticos e suas síndromes. A psicose pode se apresentar como: delírios, alucinações, desorganização do pensamento e alteração do comportamento. Estima-se que 13 a 23% da população os apresente em algum momento ao longo da vida. Esta revisão clínica pretende auxiliar na tomada de decisão sobre quando e como introduzir antipsicóticos na atenção primária à saúde, levando em conta sua eficácia, o perfil de efeitos colaterais e os principais cuidados com as comorbidades relevantes. Realizou-se revisão da literatura nas bases de dados eletrônicos United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed), BMJ Best Practice e UpToDate ­ sumarizadores de evidência ­ no período de outubro a novembro de 2020. Foram incluídos artigos que abordassem a introdução de antipsicóticos na atenção primária, em maiores de 18 anos, com publicação após 2010, em português, inglês, espanhol ou francês. Foram obtidos 76 artigos considerados elegíveis. Destes, 27 foram selecionados para leitura integral. O antipsicótico deve ser recomendado para qualquer pessoa que apresente um primeiro episódio de psicose. Preferencialmente, a escolha terapêutica deve fazer parte do plano conjunto, centrado na pessoa, levando em conta os efeitos colaterais. Não há superioridade na eficácia entre um antipsicótico ou outro, nem mesmo entre grupos. Analisou-se o perfil de eficácia, efeitos adversos, segurança e tolerabilidade dos principais fármacos disponíveis, facilitando a tomada de decisão perante a introdução dos antipsicóticos. Pela escassa literatura nacional, não foi possível analisar o perfil específico para a população brasileira.

Antipsychotics are the first line of treatment for psychotic symptoms and syndromes. Psychosis can present itself as: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and altered behavior. It is estimated that 13 to 23% of the population will experience these symptoms at some point in their lifetime. This clinical review aims to assist in the decision-making about when and how to introduce antipsychotics into primary health care, considering their effectiveness, side effect profile, and the main care practices for relevant comorbidities. A literature review was carried out in the electronic databases PubMed, BMJ Best Practice, and UpToDate ­ electronic databases summarizing evidence ­ from October to November 2020. Articles that addressed the introduction of antipsychotics into primary health care, in patients over 18 years of age, published after 2010, in Portuguese, English, Spanish or French, were included. A total of 76 articles were considered eligible. Of these, 27 were selected for full reading. The antipsychotic should be recommended for anyone who experiences a first episode of psychosis. Preferably, the therapeutic choice should be part of a person-centered shared decision-making, considering the side effects. There is no superiority in effectiveness between one antipsychotic or another, not even between groups. The profile of efficacy, adverse effects, safety, and tolerability of the main drugs available were analyzed, facilitating decision-making regarding the introduction of antipsychotics. Due to the scarce national literature, it was not possible to analyze the specific profile for the Brazilian population.

Los antipsicóticos son la primera línea de tratamiento de los síntomas psicóticos y sus síndromes. La psicosis puede presentarse como: delirios, alucinaciones, pensamiento desorganizado y comportamiento alterado. Se estima que del 13 al 23% de la población los presenta en algún momento de su vida. Esta revisión clínica tiene como objetivo ayudar en la toma de decisiones sobre cuándo y cómo introducir los antipsicóticos en la atención primaria de salud, teniendo en cuenta su efectividad, el perfil de efectos secundarios y la atención principal de las comorbilidades relevantes. Se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos electrónicas PubMed, BMJ Best Practice y Uptodate ­ bases de datos electrónicas que resumen la evidencia ­ de octubre a noviembre de 2020. Criterios de inclusión: artículos que hayan abordado la introducción de antipsicóticos en atención primaria, mayores de 18 años, publicados después de 2010, en portugués, inglés, español o francés. Se consideraron elegibles 76 artículos. De estos, 27 fueron seleccionados para lectura completa. El antipsicótico debe recomendarse a cualquier persona que tenga un primer episodio de psicosis. Preferiblemente, la elección terapéutica debe formar parte del plan conjunto, centrado en la persona, teniendo en cuenta los efectos secundarios. No hay superioridad en la efectividad entre un antipsicótico u otro, ni siquiera entre grupos. Sintetizar el perfil de eficacia, efectos adversos, seguridad y tolerabilidad de los principales fármacos disponibles, facilitando la toma de decisión sobre la introducción de antipsicóticos. Debido a la escasa literatura nacional, no ha sido posible analizar el perfil específico de la población brasileña.

Assessment of adverse drug events of atypical antipsychotics in cases with schizophrenia

Background: Atypical antipsychotics are the drug of choice to manage schizophrenia in general clinical practice. Antipsychotics cause various side effects, including metabolic syndrome, extrapyramidal symptoms, hyperlipidemia, weight gain, and hypotension in patients treated for schizophrenia. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the side effects due to antipsychotic drugs and their effect on the outcome in schizophrenia cases. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 cases with the diagnosis of schizophrenia were recruited. Cases were divided into five groups based on administered drugs (Asenapine, Iloperidone, Olanzapine, Aripiprazole, and Ziprasidone). Treatment procedure and side effect profile were documented. Drug side effects were assessed by a standard antipsychotic side-effects evaluation questionnaire. Cases were followed up for the status of side effects at the end of 1st month, 3rd month, 6th month, 9th month, and 12th month. Results: The rates of weight gain were 20%, 30%, 50%, 25%, and 15% and menstrual complications were seen at 2.5%, 7.5%, 7.5%, 7.5%, and 1% in all five groups, respectively. Lactation disturbance was observed in 5%, 5%, 12.5%, and 5% iloperidone, olanzapine, aripiprazole, and ziprasidone, respectively. The extrapyramidal symptoms were higher in the iloperidone group compared to the asenapine, olanzapine, aripiprazole, and ziprasidone drug groups. Conclusion: Atypical antipsychotic drug consumption leads to considerable weight gain and few metabolic abnormalities. Clinicians should estimate the adverse events associated with atypical antipsychotics and compare the benefits of antipsychotics versus the quality of life of cases.

Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CPS) em Salvador/Bahia / Prevalence of hypertension in a Psychosocial Care Center in Salvador/Bahia

Fundamento: Pessoas com transtornos mentais têm menor probabilidade de terem sua DCV e sua hipertensão diagnosticadas e possuem taxas de mortalidade duas ou três vezes maiores que a população em geral. Objetivos: estimar a prevalência de hipertensão através da autorreferência, do uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos e de valores de pressão arterial maiores ou iguais a 140 e 90 mmHg em população atendida em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial na cidade de Salvador. Métodos: estudo transversal e exploratório realizado de agosto de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020, por meio da aplicação de questionário com informações sociodemográficas, avaliação clínica e anamnese. Resultados: foram avaliados 284 pacientes, 45,4% deles homens e a média de idade foi de 44,3 + 11,9 anos. A prevalência de hipertensão autorreferida e o uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos foram de 67 (23,6%) e 58 (20,4%), respectivamente. A frequência de valores pressóricos sistólico e diastólico acima de 140 x 90 mmHg foi de 47,8%. As frequências de obesidade e sobrepeso foram 40,8% e 31,6%, respectivamente. Foi encontrada prevalência de uso de pelo menos um antipsicótico de 254 (89,4%) e de polifarmácia de 103 (36,3%) pacientes. Conclusões: a prevalência de hipertensão arterial e o uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos em nossa população foi semelhante à população em geral. Também foram identificados fatores que podem aumentar o risco de desenvolver DCV, como a alta taxa de uso de medicamentos antipsicóticos e as prevalências de polifarmácia, obesidade e sobrepeso (AU).

Background: People with mental disorders are less likely to have their CVD and hypertension diagnosed and have mortality rates two or three times higher than the general population. Objectives: to estimate the prevalence of hypertension through self- referral, the use of antihypertensive drugs and blood pressure values greater than or equal to 140 and 90 mmHg in a population attended at a Psychosocial Care Center in the city of Salvador. Methods: cross-sectional and exploratory study conducted from August 2019 to February 2020, through the application of a questionnaire with sociodemographic information, clinical evaluation and anamnesis. Results: 284 patients were evaluated, 45.4% of them men and the mean age was 44.3 + 11.9 years. The prevalence of self-reported hypertension and the use of antihypertensive drugs were 67 (23.6%) and 58 (20.4%), respectively. The frequency of systolic and diastolic blood pressure values above 140 x 90 mmHg was 47.8%. The frequencies of obesity and overweight were 40.8% and 31.6%, respectively. A prevalence of use of at least one antipsychotic was found in 254 (89.4%) and polypharmacy of 103 (36.3%) patients. Conclusions: the prevalence of hypertension and the use of antihypertensive drugs in our population was similar to the general population. Factors that may increase the risk of developing CVD have also been identified, such as the high rate of use of antipsychotic drugs and the prevalence of polypharmacy, obesity and overweight (AU).

Uso ambulatorio de medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados en adultos mayores usuarios de la RAP Metropolitana de ASSE durante 2019 / Potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults assisted as outpatients in ASSE's Metropolitan RAP (Primary Health Care) during 2019 / Uso ambulatorial de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados em idosos usuários da RAPE Metropolitana da ASSE durante 2019

Introducción: los adultos mayores son una población de riesgo para el desarrollo de reacciones adversas a los medicamentos. Los medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados son aquellos que representan mayores riesgos que beneficios en este grupo etario. Se cuenta con herramientas de apoyo a la prescripción en geriatría que permiten identificar a estos medicamentos y mediante la aplicación de estudios de utilización de medicamentos, podemos describir o analizar el uso de los mismos en una población. Objetivos: reconocer disponibilidad de medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados para adultos mayores en la RAP metropolitana de ASSE durante 2019 y establecer un diagnóstico de situación de consumo de los mismos durante ese año. Método: se realizó un análisis del vademécum institucional mediante la aplicación de los Criterios de Beers 2019 y dos escalas de riesgo anticolinérgico para identificar medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados. Posteriormente se realizó un estudio de utilización de los medicamentos identificados, mediante datos de dispensación de farmacia entre el 1 de enero y 31 de diciembre de 2019. El consumo se expresó en Dosis Diarias Definidas por cada 1000 adultos mayores-año (DHD). Resultados: se identificaron 16 medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados, de los cuales los más usados fueron clonazepam (DHD 69), quetiapina (65,6), alprazolam (DHD 43,7), flunitrazepam (DHD 42,7) y zolpidem (DHD 36,4). Conclusiones: la aplicación de herramientas explícitas facilita la identificación de medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados para adultos mayores y se evidenció un consumo elevado de los mismos durante el año 2019 a expensas de derivados benzodiazepínicos y quetiapina.

Introduction: older adults are at higher risk for developing adverse drug reactions. Potentially inappropriate medications are drugs that have more risks than benefits in this age group. There are a number of tools to support the prescription of medication in geriatrics that allow the identification of these medications, and by applying studies developed on the use of medications we may describe or analyze their impact on a given population. Objectives: to recognize availability of potentially inappropriate medications in older adults in ASSE's Metropolitan RAP during 2019 and to draw conclusions about the current situation in terms of the consumption of this kind of medications. Method: an institutional analysis of medications available in each healthcare provided was conducted through the application of Beers Criteria 2019, and two anticholinergic risk scales were used to identify potentially inappropriate medications. Subsequently, the use of the medications identified was studied by applying pharmacy dispensing data between January 1 and December 31, 2019. Consumption was expressed in defined daily doses every 1000 adults per year (DHD). Results: 16 potentially inappropriate medications were identified, the most widely used of which were clonazepam (DHD 69), quetiapine (65.6), alprazolam (DHD 43.7), flunitrazepam (DHD 42.7) and zolpidem (DHD 36.4). Conclusions: Applying explicit tools makes it easier to identify potentially inappropriate medications for older adults. An increased consumption of these kinds of drugs was noticed during 2019, as a result of benzodiazepine derivatives and quetiapine.

Introdução: os idosos são uma população de risco para o desenvolvimento de reações adversas a medicamentos. Medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados são aqueles que apresentam maiores riscos do que benefícios nessa faixa etária. Existem ferramentas de apoio à prescrição em geriatria que permitem identificar esses medicamentos e, por meio da aplicação de estudos de utilização de medicamentos, descrever ou analisar seu uso em uma população. Objetivos: reconhecer a disponibilidade de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados para idosos na RAP metropolitana da ASSE durante o ano de 2019 e estabelecer um diagnóstico de consumo durante esse ano. Método: o formulário institucional foi analisado utilizando os Critérios de Beers 2019 e duas escalas de risco anticolinérgico para identificar medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados. Posteriormente, foi realizado um estudo de consumo dos medicamentos identificados, através dos dados de dispensação da farmácia entre 1 de janeiro e 31 de dezembro de 2019. O consumo foi expresso em Doses Diárias Definidas por 1000 idosos-ano (DHD). Resultados: foram identificados 16 medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados, sendo clonazepam (DHD 69), quetiapina (65,6), alprazolam (DHD 43,7), flunitrazepam (DHD 42,7) e zolpidem (DHD 36,4) os mais utilizados Conclusões: a aplicação de ferramentas explícitas facilita a identificação de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados para idosos; foi observado um alto consumo dos mesmos em detrimento dos derivados benzodiazepínicos e da quetiapina durante o período do estudo.

Effects of long-term oral administration of antipsychotic clozapine on the ocular surface / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To study the effects of long-term use of clozapine on tear film stability and ocular surface tissue structure.METHODS: Case-control study was conducted on 45 patients(group 1)who were diagnosed with schizophrenia and treated with clozapine for 3.45±0.72a between March 2021 and December 2021. Another 45 healthy subjects(group 2)served as controls, whose demographic characteristics were similar to those of group 1. Patients' dry eye symptoms were investigated using OSDI questionnaire, tear secretion was detected by the Schirmer I test, ocular surface damage was assessed by the ocular surface staining score, and comprehensive ophthalmic examination was performed on all patients through LipiView ocular surface interferometer, ocular surface integrated analyzer, corneal confocal microscope and slit lamp photographic system.RESULTS: Slit-lamp photography showed diffuse grayish-white spot-like opacification in the corneal stroma of group 1, accompanied by brown star-like opacification in the center of the anterior capsule of the lens. OSDI scores were 38.00(31.50, 48.50)and 15.00(9.00, 19.50)in the two groups respectively. Schirmer test showed that the group 1 was 5.27±2.18mm/5min, while group 2 was 15.62±3.05mm/5min. Corneal fluorescein staining score: 4.00(2.50, 5.00)for group 1 and 1.00(0.00, 1.50)for group 2. The lissamine green staining score for the conjunctiva was 9.00(6.50, 10.00)and 3.00(2.00, 3.50)for the two groups, respectively. LipiView detected lipid layer thickness(LLT), suggesting that the results of group 1 and group 2 were similar, respectively 75.91±15.51 and 77.24±12.11nm; and the results were similar for the lid gland deficiency score, with 1.37±0.26 and 1.29±0.31 points, respectively. The mean tear meniscus height in group 1 was 0.13±0.06mm, which was lower than 0.23±0.04mm of group 2. Non-invasive breakup time(NIBUT)was 6.04±2.62 and 11.4±2.74s in group 1 and group 2 respectively. OSDI score, Schirmer Ⅰ test, ocular surface staining score, tear meniscus height and NIBUT were significantly different between the two groups(P<0.05). Confocal corneal microscopy suggested decreased corneal nerve fiber density with stromal layer inflammatory cell infiltration and pigmentation in group 1.CONCLUSION: The antipsychotic drug clozapine can induce dry eye with a range of ocular surface injuries such as corneal pigmentation, and patients who taking such drugs should be routinely examined by an ophthalmologist.

Childhood maltreatment on psychiatric symptoms and drug efficacy in patients with schizophrenia / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To explore the effect of childhood maltreatment on clinical symptoms and early efficacy of antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia. 【Methods】 Totally 73 schizophrenic patients were divided into mild maltreatment group(n=42) and severe maltreatment group(n=31) according to the Child Trauma Questionnaire(CTQ). The Positive and Negative Symptom Scale(PANSS) and Clinical Global Impression(CGI) were measured and compared between the two groups at baseline and 3 weeks after antipsychotic treatment to analyze the correlation between child maltreatment experience and mental symptoms and the response to early treatment of antipsychotics. 【Results】 PANSS positive factor score(P=0.026) and cognitive deficit factor score (P=0.042) were significantly higher in severe abuse group than in mild abuse group. The positive factor was significantly positively correlated with emotional abuse factor in CTQ score(r=0.257, P=0.028), and the cognitive deficit factor was significantly positively correlated with emotional neglect factor(r=0.283, P=0.015). After antipsychotic treatment, the reduction rate of PANSS negative factor in severe abuse group was significantly lower than that in mild abuse group(P=0.035), and had the highest correlation with CTQ physical abuse factor(r=-0.302, P=0.011). 【Conclusion】 The severity of childhood maltreatment experienced by schizophrenic patients is more related to positive symptoms and cognitive deficits, and more childhood maltreatment experience will affect the improvement of negative symptoms by antipsychotics, suggesting a poor prognosis.

Analysis of prognostic factors in 113 patients with tardive dyskinesia / 中华神经科杂志

Objective:To explore the related factors affecting the prognosis of patients with tardive dyskinesia, in order to find the risk factors of poor prognosis.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was implemented to collect the data of 113 patients with tardive dyskinesia from the movement disorders clinic of the Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital by telephone follow-up. The main variables studied included gender, age, educational level, living environment, job, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, hypertension, diabetes, medication type, interval from taking medicine to dyskinesia, course of dyskinesia and intervention measures. The data were analyzed by the statistical software SPSS 25.0. The quantitative data analysis was done by normality test and descriptive statistics, and the qualitative data analysis was done by χ 2 test or Fisher exact probability test. The variables with P≤0.01 in univariate analysis were included in multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Results:Among the 113 patients, 16 patients (14.16%) were cured, 27 patients (23.89%) had obvious improvement, 25 patients (22.12%) had slight improvement, 26 patients (23.01%) had no obvious change, 15 patients (13.27%) had slight deterioration, and 4 patients (3.54%) had obvious deterioration. The good prognosis rate was 60.18%, and the poor prognosis rate was 39.82%. In single factor analysis, the related factors for poor prognosis included age>52 years (χ 2=15.07, P<0.001), educational level in secondary schools and below (χ 2=8.58, P=0.003), physical labor (χ 2=4.66, P=0.031), hypertension (χ 2 = 16.38, P<0.001), diabetes mellitus (χ 2=6.06, P=0.011), dyskinesia caused by first-generation antipsychotics, calcium channel blocker or flupentixol/melitracen tablets ( P<0.001), and the duration of dyskinesia more than 2 years (χ 2 =7.05, P=0.008). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors for poor prognosis of tardive dyskinesia included hypertension ( OR=3.60, 95% CI 1.17-11.05, P=0.025) and dyskinesia caused by first-generation antipsychotics, calcium channel blocker or flupentixol/melitracen tablets ( OR=3.14, 95% CI 1.21-8.16, P=0.019). Conclusions:Most patients with tardive dyskinesia have a good prognosis. Hypertension and dyskinesia caused by first-generation antipsychotics, calcium channel blocker or flupentixol/melitracen tablets are independent risk factors for poor prognosis.

Perceived Awareness of Clozapine associated with Socio- Demographic status, clinical, and side effect profile among patients from Mental Health Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia

Background: The main objective was to investigate the Socio-demographic, clinical, and side effect profile of patients on clozapine from Mental Health Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia. This article reports on an observational study. Clozapine is a second-generation atypical antipsychotic used as the drug of choice for the treatment resistant psychosis. It is supposed to be a baseline study from which we will get and understand rate of clinical, and side effect profile of the clozapine taking patients. Physicians, particularly psychiatrists are not only ignoring but also not aware, alert, so they always need to be watchful to the fatality of the drug, and take appropriate therapeutic measures. The aim was to study the socio-demographic status, clinical profile, comorbidity, side effects and outcome of patients treated with clozapine. Methodology: We reviewed all the indoor psychiatric patients of Mental Health Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia, from the period of one year between January 2021 to January 2022 (N=29). Our study design focused on prospective and observational studies. Descriptive statistical analysis was explored, and presented as frequencies, and percentages. We also determined crude rates for all adverse outcomes of clozapine. Results: We did a nearly mean follow-up of one year. The majority of patients were male (n=26; 89.65%), with a maximum being unmarried (n=16; 55.17%). Most patients belong to nuclear families due to cultural restrictions in this country (n=23; 79.31%). Among the literacy rate illiterate were (n=2; 6.89%, and unemployed (n=23; 79.31%). Among the study populations, the majority of respondents were found to have treatment-resistant schizophrenia (n=18; 62.06%), and around 79.31% of patients took more than two antipsychotics in adequate doses. Among side effect profiles most of the patients suffered hyper-salivation (n=19; 65.51%), sedation (n=12; 41.37%), and rarely suffered from agranulocytosis. Conclusion: Socio-demographic, clinical, and side effect profiles were the significant indicators of clozapine. Clozapine has been used for treatment-resistant psychosis, but due to fatal side effect profile we used it cautiously. In our study, we found that myocarditis, hematemesis, and leukocytosis, and neutropenia are fatal side effects of clozapine. We also found hyponatremia-induced seizure. The prevalence of blood dyscrasias in our study is rarely seen. Hyper-salivation is the most common side effect reported. Majority of the patients in our study were male, and treatment resistant Schizophrenia was the most common diagnosis. Myocarditis is life-threatening side effect seen in our study

A prospective study of adverse drug reactions of antipsychotic drugs in a tertiary care public psychiatry hospital

Background: Antipsychotic drugs are commonly used pharmacological agents, which have varied adverse reactions. There is a need to investigate the prevalence of these adverse reactions due to the implications for clinical practice and research. Studies on the prevalence of these adverse reactions are few, especially from Indian subcontinent. Aim and Objectives: The objectives of this study were as follows: (i) To investigate the drug emergent adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in patients who are on antipsychotic drugs and (ii) to study the severity of ADRs due to antipsychotic agents and association between the adverse reaction and the suspected drug. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective observational study, in which 99 patients out of 120 patients suffering with mental illness were enrolled. Base-line investigations such as CBP, ESR, serum creatinine, serum electrolytes, serum cholesterol, serum prolactin, and FBS (fasting blood sugar) were performed and the same were repeated at 1st month and 3rd month and checked for any abnormality. Any suspected ADRs were noted after 1 month and 3 months in patients after starting the treatment with antipsychotic drugs. The patients were assessed with semi-structured interview, the patient rated side effects scale (LUNSERS), and an adverse drug probability scale (Naranjo probability scale). The results were analyzed with SPSS software. The ADRs in patients were also compared between in-patients and out-patients. Results: The atypical drugs particularly risperidone and olanzapine were commonly prescribed for the patients, than typical antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol. Out of the 99 patients, risperidone was prescribed for 56.6% of patients, olanzapine was prescribed for 40.4% patients, amisulpride was prescribed for 1% of patient, and haloperidol for 2% of patients. About 79% of the patients under study developed ADRs within a month and 21% developed after a month. These drugs were given twice-daily dosage regimen for 89.9% of the patients than once daily dosage regimen, which is 10.1%. Forty-one were in-patients and 58 patients were out-patients. Among the in-patients, risperidone drug was given for 28 (68.3%) patients, olanzapine was given for 11 (26.8%) patients, amisulpride for 1 (2.4%) patient, and haloperidol for 1 (2.4%) patients. The most common ADRs in in-patients was EPS (90.24%) with a statistically significant P < 0.0001. In out-patients, risperidone was prescribed for 28 (48.3%) patients, olanzapine was given for 29 (50%) patients, and haloperidol for 1 (1.7%) patient. The most common ADR among out-patients was sedation (82.75%) with P = 0.0001, which is statistically significant. The ADRs were “significant” according to LUNSERS overall score and are “probable” according to Naranjo’s probability assessment scale. Conclusion: The most common antipsychotic drugs used were risperidone and olanzapine. The common drug emergent adverse reactions were EPS and sedation when the drugs were prescribed twice-daily dosage regimen. The time taken for these ADRs to emerge is ?1 month. The ADRs are significant according to LUNSERS and probable due to suspected drug according to Naranjo’s probability assessment scale. In comparison between in-patients and out-patients, EPS was found more among in-patients and sedation in out-patients. Depending on the intensity of the ADRs, the antipsychotics drug dosage was reduced or drug changed or another was added to combat the ADRs.

Manejo farmacológico del episodio depresivo bipolar en adolescentes: actualización bibliográfica / Pharmacological management of bipolar depressive episode in adolescents: bibliographic update

El manejo farmacológico del episodio depresivo en contexto del trastorno bipolar constituye un desafío para el clínico tanto en psiquiatría adultos como infantoadolescente. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo actualizar y sintetizar la evidencia disponible respecto al manejo farmacológico para la depresión bipolar en población pediátrica. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda de las publicaciones de los últimos 5 años en bases de datos. Resultados: La evidencia muestra como primera línea el uso de antipsicóticos de segunda generación por sobre los estabilizadores del ánimo en este grupo etario; demostrando lurasidona y lanzapina/fluoxetina eficacia similares. Lurasidona es una opción con mejor perfil de seguridad por asociarse a menos efectos adversos y mejor adherencia. El uso de antidepresivos debe considerarse dentro de los pasos iniciales del manejo, asociado a un antipsicótico de segunda generación. Conclusiones: Se destaca la importancia de la sospecha, evaluación y diagnóstico adecuado para guiar la decisión de manejo integral. A pesar de los riesgos y consideraciones existentes, es importante considerar el uso en primera línea de antipsicóticos de segunda generación y de antidepresivos en el manejo de un cuadro depresivo en contexto de la enfermedad bipolar. La escasez de estudios en el tratamiento farmacológico de la depresión bipolar en general y especialmente en población pediátrica limita la generalización y extrapolación de los resultados a la realidad local.

The pharmacological management of the depressive episode in the context of bipolar disorder constitutes a challenge for the clinician both in adult and child-adolescent population. The objective of this paper is to update and synthesize the available evidence regarding the pharmacological management of bipolar depression in the pediatric population. Methodology: A search of the publications of the last 5 years in databases was carried out. Results: The evidence shows the use of second generation antipsychotics over mood stabilizers as the first line in this age group; demonstrating similar efficacy. Results: The evidence shows the use of second generation antipsychotics over mood stabilizers as the first line in this age group; demonstrating similar efficacy lurasidone and lanzapine/fluoxetine. Lurasidone is an option with a better safety profile as it is associated with fewer adverse effects and better adherence. The use of antidepressants should be considered within the initial steps of management, associated with a second generation antipsychotic. Conclusions: The importance of suspicion, evaluation and adequate diagnosis to guide the decision of comprehensive management is highlighted. Despite the existing risks and considerations, it is important to consider the first-line use of second-generation antipsychotics and antidepressants in the management of a depressive episode in the context of bipolar illness. The scarcity of studies on the pharmacological treatment of bipolar depression in general and especially in the pediatric population limits the generalization and extrapolation of the results to the local reality.

Delusional Jealousy: How Can Treatment be Improved? A Case Report / Delirio celotípico: ¿cómo se puede mejorar el tratamiento? Un reporte de caso

RESUMEN Introducción: Aunque el delirio celotípico represente solo cerca del 10% de los trastornos delirantes, se asocia un riesgo de violencia grave y suicidio. Con este caso clínico se pretende explorar las dificultades en el tratamento farmacológico del trastorno de delirio celotípico y resumir los hallazgos más recientes en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad. Métodos: Reporte de caso. Presentación del caso: Un varón de 76 anos tuvo un ingreso involuntario en el departamento de psiquiatría debido a amenazas de agresión física a su esposa en el contexto de ideas irreductibles de su infidelidad. Inicialmente se observó una mejoría de los síntomas con risperidona y su formulación inyectable de acción prolongada, pero la aparición de efectos secundarios hipotensivos requirió la prescripción off-label de palmitato de paliperidona 50 mg/ml. Conclusiones: Pocos estudios, principalmente reportes de casos, abordan el tratamiento específico del delirio celotípico. Dadas las consecuencias negativas para los pacientes y sus cónyuges, se necesita una mejor evidencia científica para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although delusional jealousy accounts for merely 10% of delusional disorders, it is associated to risk of serious violence and suicide. With this clinical case, we intend to explore the difficulties in the pharmacological approach of delusional jealousy disorder and to summarise the most recent findings in the treatment of this condition. Methods: Case report. Case presentation: A 76-year-old man involuntarily admitted to a psychiatric ward due to threats of physical aggression to his wife in the context of irreducible ideas of her infidelity. Initially, we observed an improvement of symptomatology with risperidone and its long-acting injectable formulation, but the emergence of hypotensive side effects required the off-label use of paliperidone palmitate 50 mg/ml. Conclusions: Few studies, mainly case reports, look at the specific treatment of delusional jealousy. Given the negative consequences for patients and for their spouses, better scientific evidence to treat this condition is needed.

NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME: AN UNUSUAL CASE TO INCREASE CLINICAL ATTENTION

A 26-year-young man was taken to the hospital with symptoms of schizophrenia, and treatment began with a high dose of antipsychotic medication. After receiving medication for 3–4 days, the patient experienced persistently high body temperatures, tight muscles, and raised blood levels of CK-MB and CK-NAC. The results of all other investigations were normal. A rare Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) was made and treatment started with immediate withdrawal of the causative drug, and timely supportive therapy led to a successful recovery. This case illustrates the importance of adopting a broad differential diagnosis for fever, carefully reviewing the prescription lists of all patients, and taking NMS into account in patients who have both fever and stiffness.

Síndrome neuroléptico maligno en un hospital general

Describimos la presentación clínica y dificultades diagnósticas de un caso de síndrome neuroléptico maligno en un hospital general. El paciente fue un varón de 18 años con diagnóstico de retraso mental grave e historia de convulsiones que recibía tratamiento irregular con risperidona y fenitoína. Tras presentar irritabilidad, agresividad y agitación psicomotriz acude a hospital psiquiátrico en donde le indican incremento de dosis de risperidona. Posteriormente por persistencia de agresividad, acude a hospital psiquiátrico en donde se indicó haloperidol, midazolam y levomepromazina, a los pocos días presentó distonía oro mandibular, alza térmica y distonía generalizada con dificultad para la deglución de alimentos, motivo por el cual acudió a hospital general y fue diagnosticado de síndrome neuroléptico maligno. El paciente recibió tratamiento con bromocriptina y diazepam durante hospitalización y tuvo evolución favorable de síntomas neuropsiquiátricos. El síndrome neuroléptico maligno es un evento adverso raro y fatal. Está asociado al uso de psicotrópicos, especialmente antipsicóticos.

We describe the clinical presentation and diagnostic difficulties of a case of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome in a general hospital. The patient was an 18-year-old male with severe mental retardation and a history of seizures who received irregular treatment with risperidone and phenytoin. After presenting irritability, aggressiveness, and psychomotor agitation, he went to a psychiatric hospital where received an increase in the dose of risperidone. Subsequently, due to persistence of aggressiveness, he went to a psychiatric hospital where haloperidol, midazolam and levomepromazine were indicated, after few days developed oromandibular dystonia, temperature rise and generalized dystonia with difficulty swallowing food, which is why he went to hospital general and was diagnosed with Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome. Patient received treatment with bromocriptine and diazepam during hospitalization with favorable evolution of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is a rare and fatal adverse event. It is associated with the use of psychotropics, especially antipsychotics.

Esquizofrenia asociada a consumo de múltiples sustancias. Responsabilidad profesional / Schizophrenia Associated with Multiple Substance Use

Resumen La esquizofrenia es un trastorno psiquiátrico grave clasificado dentro de los trastornos psicóticos. Los pacientes suelen presentar síntomas variables dependiendo de las 3 dimensiones sintomáticas que padezcan, lo que genera dilación en su apego temprano al tratamiento. El caso clínico de interés a presentar corresponde a un paciente del sexo masculino en la cuarta década de la vida diagnosticado con esquizofrenia asociado al consumo de múltiples sustancias, el cual fue motivo de analizar derivado de los efectos adversos presentados al tratamiento farmacológico posterior a un episodio psicótico. El abordaje farmacológico con pacientes que padecen esta patología debe ir encaminado a contrarrestar los síntomas con base en antipsicóticos y a los efectos adversos causados por los mismos, siempre y cuando la enfermedad sea diagnosticada oportunamente.

Abstract Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder classified within the psychotic disorders. Patients usually present variable symptoms depending on the three symptomatic dimensions they suffer from, which generates delay in their early adherence to treatment. The clinical case of interest to be presented corresponds to a male patient in the fourth decade of life diagnosed with schizophrenia associated with multiple substance use, which was analyzed due to the adverse effects of pharmacological treatment following a psychotic episode. The pharmacological approach with patients suffering from this pathology should be aimed at counteracting the symptoms based on antipsychotics and the adverse effects caused by them as long as the disease is diagnosed in a timely manner.

Estudio de utilización de fármacos antipsicóticos en el hospital psiquiátrico Manuel Piti Fajardo de Manzanillo

Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo del tipo prescripción- indicación y estudio cuantitativo de consumo, con el objetivo de identificar los patrones de prescripción de antipsicóticos en pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia y trastornos relacionados hospitalizados en el Hospital Psiquiátrico Manuel Piti Fajardo de Manzanillo en el periodo comprendido de enero de 2013 a enero de 2015. Los datos se obtuvieron de las historias clínicas. La mayoría de los pacientes se encontraban en el rango de edad comprendido entre los 18 y 40 años de edad, del sexo femenino y soltero. Un mayor porcentaje tenía un tiempo de enfermedad mayor a cinco años, un tiempo de hospitalización mayor a un mes, y no tenía hospitalizaciones previas. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue el de esquizofrenia. Un pequeño grupo de pacientes presentó alguna comorbilidad psiquiátrica, como el trastorno depresivo. El antipsicótico más empleado, sea como monoterapia o en combinación con otro antipsicótico, fue clorpromazina. En general estos medicamentos fueron empleados dentro del rango terapéutico, con buena respuesta al tratamiento; las reacciones adversas medicamentosas que se presentaron fueron principalmente trastornos extrapiramidales y sedación; la asociación de antipsicóticos con depresores del sistema nervioso central fue la interacción medicamentosa potencial más frecuente.

An observational, descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study of the prescription-indication type and quantitative study of consumption was carried out, with the aim of identifying the patterns of prescription of antipsychotics in patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and related disorders hospitalized at the Manuel Piti Fajardo Psychiatric Hospital of Manzanillo in the period from January 2013 to January 2015. The data were obtained from medical records. Most of the patients were in the 18 to 40 year age range, female, and single. A higher percentage had a time of illness greater than five years, a hospital stay greater than one month, and had no previous hospitalizations. The most frequent diagnosis was schizophrenia. A small group of patients presented some psychiatric comorbidity, such as depressive disorder. The most widely used antipsychotic, either as monotherapy or in combination with another antipsychotic, was chlorpromazine. In general, these drugs were used within the therapeutic range, with a good response to treatment; the adverse drug reactions that occurred were mainly extrapyramidal disorders and sedation; the association of antipsychotics with central nervous system depressants was the most frequent potential drug interaction.

Foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo, longitudinal e retrospectivo da prescrição-indicação e estudo quantitativo do consumo, como objetivo de identificar os padrões de prescrição de antipsicóticos em pacientes diagnosticados com esquizofrenia e transtornos relacionados internados no Hospital Psiquiátrico Manuel Piti Fajardo, em Manzanillo, no período de janeiro de 2013 a janeiro de 2015. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de prontuários. A maioria dos pacientes estavan afaixa etária entre 18 e 40 anos, do sexo feminino e solteiro. O percentual maior apresentou tempo de doença superior a cinco anos, tempo de internação superior a um mês, não com internações anteriores. O diagnóstico mais frequente foi a esquizofrenia. Um pequeno grupo de pacientes tinha alguma comorbidade psiquiátrica, como transtorno depressivo. O antipsicótico mais usado, seja como monoterapia ou em combinação com outro antipsicótico, foi a clororomazina. Em geral, esses fármacos foram utilizados dentro da faixa terapêutica, com boa resposta ao tratamento; as reações adversas de drogas que ocorreram foram principalmente distúrbios extrapiridais e sedação; a associação de antipsicóticos com depressores do sistema nervoso central foi a interação potencial mais frequente de drogas.

It is story time!! Storytelling – Narrative session by medical students, an effective way of reflection of learning pharmacology

Background: Pharmacology, the study of drugs, is loaded with thousands of drug names, their mechanism of action, and adverse effects to be memorized, among which the drugs acting on central nervous system, especially antipsychotics, is a night mare for every medical student. “The Storytelling method” is implemented to increase the knowledge of students on antipsychotic drugs using storytelling method as an effective teaching strategy. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of reflective writing in learning Pharmacology, among 2nd year MBBS students in the form of storytelling. Materials and Methods: Fifty students from 2nd year MBBS Students were involved in this teaching strategy. Students were randomly divided into ten groups (five per group). They were instructed to frame their own story/case scenario of a psychotic person treated with a P (Personalized) drug of their choice, the specific adverse effect encountered, and the methods to combat it. A time duration of 15 min was given and one person from each group had to narrate their story with voice modulation and hand gestures, for a maximum of 5 min. Results: Validated questionnaire is used for assessing the effectiveness of “storytelling method.” Six of the questions were quantitative and two were qualitative. More than 90% (n = 45) students described the storytelling session as “Creative and Fun filled” when compared to routine classes. Ninety-four percentage (n = 47) of students responded that “Storytelling” session improved their creative thinking on the subject. Conclusion: Storytelling strategy in pharmacology can help students in better understanding of the drug action and their adverse effects than traditional teaching methods.